Warped Passages - Lisa Randall [243]
and string theory 5–6, 68, 69
and the strong force 172
tau 79
trapped by branes 55, 57, 59–62, 59, 323, 324, 328, 389
virtual see virtual particles
wavefunction 134–5, 143
see also KK particles
passages, defined 2
paths 228, 230
and the Higgs particle’s mass 252, 253
and virtual particles 229, 246, 248
Pauli, Wolfgang 167
Pauli exclusion principle 147
Peet, Amanda 328
“Penrose tiling” 4
periodic table 9
perturbation 311
perturbation theory 311–14, 316
Peskin, Michael 188
phenomenology 72
photinos 266, 269, 271
photoelectric effect 124
photon emission 128
photons 113, 146, 155–8, 161, 173, 218, 230, 335
as bosons 146, 147, 218
in Compton scattering 125
detection of individual 137n
Einstein and 9–10
and electromagnetism 200, 281
and electroweak theory 218, 219
nd gravitational source 100, 101
interaction 165–6, 166, 201, 231
intrinsic spin 146, 281
light quanta 125, 136, 137, 148
and living on a brane 59
massless 170, 208, 218
relic 299
virtual 157, 226–7, 281n
waves associated with 197
physics
bottom-up approach 238
classical 116, 117, 118, 120, 128, 135, 148, 279
conservation of energy 167
fields of 81–2, 82
goal of high-energy physics 179–80
laws, and inertial frames 91
Newtonian 92, 354, 419
and quantum theory 116
questions and methods 66
top-down approach 238
twentieth century 5, 8–9
Picasso, Pablo: Portrait of Dora Maar 26
Pilo, Luigi 409
pions 171, 173
Planck, Max 9, 114, 116, 120–21, 123, 125, 131
Planck scale energy 136, 145, 149, 169, 222, 249, 255, 280, 282, 294–5, 358–9, 367, 405, 477n25, 479n34
Planck scale length 35, 39, 42, 48, 145, 149, 279, 282, 294, 302, 358, 359, 360, 365, 367, 368n, 397, 453, 454, 456
Planck scale mass 249–55, 258, 268, 294, 358–9, 368, 371–2, 380, 394, 398, 400–401, 403, 413, 430–31
Planckbrane 401n
Planck’s constant 120, 131, 139, 140, 143, 169–70, 474n12
planetary motion 43, 87, 88, 194, 367
Plato 66, 67
Timaeus 138
“plum pudding” model 126, 127
polarization
longitudinal 198, 199, 208–10, 217
transverse 198
Polchinski, Joe 50–51, 297, 306, 307, 309, 310
Politzer, David 231–2
Pomarol, Alex 404, 405–6, 409n
Ponton, Eduardo 347
Porrati, Massimo 347, 443
position-momentum uncertainty principle 143
positron emission tomography (PET) 161
positrons 160, 161, 227, 227, 230, 230, 231
potassium-40 161
potential energy 100
Pound, Robert 101
Pozzi, Giulio 136
Princeton University 291, 296, 297, 434, 435, 441
probability function 131–3, 133, 391, 395, 479n35
see also graviton probability function; wavefunction
probability waves 148, 355, 356, 357
projection 21, 23–5, 26, 27–8
protons
collision 181, 182, 409
decay 236–7, 335, 404
emission of additional particles 379
intrinsic spin 164
mass of 78, 171
and neutron decay 165, 165, 166, 166
positively charged 76, 77
and quarks 9, 10, 77, 173, 174
pulsars 67
quanta 148
light see light
quanta quantization
assumptions 119
electron 126, 128–30
hypothesis (Planck) 121, 123, 131
quantum chromodynamics (QCD) 171, 173n, 196
quantum contributions 228, 238–9, 246, 265, 340, 341
QED (quantum electrodynamics) 157, 158, 207, 281
quantum effects 118
quantum field theory 157, 158–9, 214
anarchic principle 227–8, 339
anomalies in 290
and antiparticles 159
and effective theories 223–4
and gravitons 281–2
and quantum mechanics 207
and special relativity 94, 207
and string theory 261, 295, 301
and virtual particles 222, 225
quantum gravity, theory of 145, 282, 301, 316
quantum mechanical contributions see quantum contributions
quantum mechanics 65, 81–2, 85, 100, 115–49, 279
and electrons’ orbits 76–7
fundamental principles 117
and general relativity 279, 280, 301
and gravity 80, 279–81, 293, 294, 295
and Planck scale length 279–80
Planck’s constant 139
and quantum field theory 207
and quantum paths 148–9, 228
smaller mass means larger size 401
and string theory 5, 33, 68
and virtual particles 222, 225
quantum paths 148–9, 228
quantum theory 116, 123, 125
quantum theory of gravity 145, 282, 301
quarks
antitop 182, 183
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