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Rubens, Peter Paul

Rucellai family

Rudder

Rudolf II (Holy Roman Empire)

“Rules of Reasoning in Philosophy” (Newton)

Rump Parliament

Russia: China and economy in in 18th century Enlightenment in government of Jews and military in Mongols in Napoleon and Peter the Great and Poland and population of revolts in West and women in World War I and

Russian Orthodox Church See also Eastern Orthodoxy Ryswick, Treaty of

Sacraments: Calvin on Luther on

sacrifices: in Benin

Sailors and sailing Portuguese Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

Saint-Domingue

See also Haiti Saint Helena, Napoleon on

Saint-Just, Louis

Saint Lawrence River region

St. Peter’s Basilica (Rome)

St. Petersburg, Russia in 18th century foundling home in “Saints,” Anabaptists as

Saint-Simon, duc de (Louis de Rouvroy)

Saint Vincent de Paul: religious order of

Salerno, medical school in

Salons

Salvation: Calvin on charity for Luther and before Reformation

Sanitation: in cities in 14th century

San Lorenzo, Church of

Sans-culottes

Santa María (ship)

Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence

Santi di Tito

Santo Domingo

Sardinia Austria and

Saxony

Scandinavia: Black Death in in 18th century Lutheranism in

Schmalkaldic League

Scholarship. See Intellectual thought Scholasticism

Schönborn prince-bishop (Würzburg): palace of

School of Athens (Raphael)

Schools: in 18th century for girls humanist Jesuit medical in Middle Ages monastic Protestant See also Education Universities and colleges

Schwartz, Matthaus

Science: agriculture and in Enlightenment religion and society and women in See also Medicine Scientific Revolution

Science of man: Diderot on

Scientific laws: of Kepler of Newton

Scientific method

Scientific Revolution medicine in

Scientific societies

Scotland: Calvinism in England and Knox in Mary, queen of Scots, in Presbyterian Church in in United Kingdom

Scripture See also Catholic Church Protestantism Theology Sculpture: Baroque in Italian Renaissance

Scutage

Sea Beggars

Sea routes: in Renaissance

Seasons, The (Haydn)

Secondary schools

Second Continental Congress

Second Estate: in European society in France

Secret societies: in Enlightenment Secularism

Seed drills

Ségur Law

Sejm (Polish diet)

Select Society of Edinburgh, Scotland

Self-interest: as economic principle

Seljuk Turks

Senate: in Venice

Separation of church and state

Separation of powers, Montesquieu on

Sephardic Jews

Serbia

Serfs and serfdom: in eastern Europe in Prussia in Russia in 16th century See also Peasants

Serious Proposal to the Ladies, A (Astell)

Seven Years’ War French Canada and India and Prussia in

Sewage and sewer systems

Sex and sexuality: Diderot on in marriage in Renaissance Italy See also Gender

Seymour, Jane

Sforza family (Milan) Battista Ludovico

Shakespeare, William

Sheridan, Richard

Sherman, Roger

Shikoku

Ship money (English tax)

Ships and shipping Dutch fluyt in 18th century exploration and Napoleon and Portuguese slave trade and trade and See also Navy

Shogun (Japan)

Siam. See Th ailand (Siam)

Sicily Aragon rulers in Bourbons in revolts in

Siege warfare: in 18th century

Sieyès, Abbé

Sigismund (Holy Roman Empire)

Sigismund III (Sweden and Poland)

Signing of the Declaration, The (Trumbull)

Signoria (Florence)

Signorini, Giovanni

Silesia: Prussia and

Silesia

Silk Road

Silver: Spanish for trade

Simons, Menno

Simplicius Simplicissimus (Grimmelshausen)

Sisters of Charity

Sisters of the Common Life

Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo and

Sixtus IV (Pope)

Skepticism

Slavery: African in French Revolution in Haiti in Renaissance in United States Slave trade in Latin America

Slavic peoples: in eastern Europe

Slovenia

Smallpox: Aztecs and Inca and Smith, Adam

Social classes. See Classes

Social contract: Rousseau on

Social Contract, The (Rousseau)

Social orders: in France

Social sciences: in Enlightenment

Society. See Lifestyle

Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

Society of Friends. See Quakers Society of Jesus. See Jesuits

Society of Thirty

Solar system. See Universe

Soldiers. See Military

Some