Why Leaders Lie - Mearsheimer, John J_ [49]
6. Quoted in Anthony Marro, “When the Government Tells Lies,” Columbia Journalism Review 23, no. 6 (March/April 1985): 34. See also Arthur Sylvester, “The Government Has the Right to Lie,” Saturday Evening Post, November 18, 1967, 10, 14.
7. Jody Powell, The Other Side of the Story (New York: Morrow, 1984), 223. It should be noted, however, that Powell did not think government leaders had to lie often—he only did it twice in his four years in the White House—and he deeply regretted that it was necessary on those occasions (ibid., 223–40).
8. Regarding the Rhineland, the historian Alan Bullock writes: “Years later, reminiscing over the dinner table, Hitler asked: ‘What would have happened if anybody other than myself had been at the head of the Reich! Anyone you care to mention would have lost his nerve. I was obliged to lie and what saved me was my unshakeable obstinacy and my amazing aplomb. I threatened unless the situation eased to send six extra divisions into the Rhineland. The truth was, I had only four brigades. Next day, the English papers wrote that there had been an easing of the situation.’” Alan Bullock, Hitler, a Study in Tyranny, rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), 343. See also Michael Mihalka, German Strategic Deception in the 1930s, Rand Note N-1557-NA (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, July 1980); Arnd Plagge, “Patterns of Deception: Why and How Rising States Cloak Their Power” (working paper, Yale University, March 18, 2009).
9. Gorodetsky, Grand Delusion, 115–18, 126–30, 207–10; Jiri Hochman, The Soviet Union and the Failure of Collective Security, 1934–1938 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1984), chap. 6; Adam B. Ulam, Expansion and Coexistence: Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–73, 2nd ed. (New York: Praeger, 1974), 241–43, 252–53; Adam B. Ulam, Stalin: The Man and His Era (New York: Viking, 1973), 502–3.
10. Edgar M. Bottome, The Missile Gap: A Study of the Formulation of Military and Political Policy (Rutherford, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1971), chaps. 2, 7; McGeorge Bundy, Danger and Survival (New York: Random House, 1988), 416; Arnold L. Horelick and Myron Rush, Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1966), chaps. 3–5, 9; Vladislav Zubok and Constantine Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Khrushchev (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), chap. 6.
11. Holger H. Herwig, “The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered,” International History Review 10, no. 1 (February 1988): 68–105; Paul M. Kennedy, “Tirpitz, England and the Second Navy Law of 1900: A Strategical Critique,” Militärgeschichtliche Mitteilungen 2 (1970): 33–57; Paul M. Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 1860–1914 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1980), chap. 13, especially 223–27; Paul M. Kennedy, Strategy and Diplomacy, 1870–1945: Eight Studies (London: Fontana, 1984), chaps. 4–5; Jonathan Steinberg, Yesterday’s Deterrent: Tirpitz and the Birth of the German Battle Fleet (London: Macdonald, 1965), intro., chaps. 4–5.
12. Quoted in “Report: Nixon Feared Israeli Nukes Would Spur Arms Race,” Haaretz, November 29, 2007. See also Avner Cohen, Israel and the Bomb (New York: Columbia University Press, 1998); Seymour M. Hersh, The Samson Option: Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal and American Foreign Policy (New York: Random House, 1991).
13. Bundy, Danger and Survival, 392. See also Graham Allison and Philip Zelikow, Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2nd ed. (New York: Longman, 1999), 78–80; Aleksandr Fursenko and Timothy Naftali, One Hell of a Gamble: Khrushchev, Castro, and Kennedy, 1958–1964 (New York: Norton, 1997), 222–23, 252–53; Zubok and Pleshakov, Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War, 266.
14. Trevor Wilson, The Myriad Faces of War: Britain and the Great War, 1914–1918 (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1988), 341; Ernest D. Swinton, Eyewitness: Being Personal Reminiscences of Certain Phases of the Great War, Including the Genesis of the Tank (Garden City, NY: Doubleday,