Your Medical Mind_ How to Decide What Is Right for You - Jerome Groopman [98]
18 Framing information and its impact on people’s understanding of risk and their ultimate choice is found in Amos Tversky, Daniel Kahneman, “The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice,” Science 211 (1981), pp. 453–458; Paul Slovic, “Perception of risk,” Science 236 (1987), pp. 280–285. For the role of framing in medicine, see Barbara J. McNeil, Stephen G. Pauker, Harold C. Sox, Amos Tversky, “On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies,” NEJM 306 (1982), pp. 1259–1269; Donald A. Redelmeier, Paul Rozin, Daniel Kahneman, “Understanding patients’ decisions: Cognitive and emotional perspectives,” JAMA 270 (1993), pp. 72–76.
20 The power of narratives by one of the cardinal researchers in learning and education: Howard Gardner, Changing Minds: The Art and Science of Changing Our Own and Other People’s Minds (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2006).
20 How narratives versus data influence patient perceptions and choice: John B. F. de Wit, Enny Das, Raymond Vet, “What works best: Objective statistics or a personal testimonial? An assessment of the persuasive effects of different types of message evidence on risk perception,” Health Psychology 27 (2008), pp. 110–115; Philip Broemer, “Ease of imagination moderates reactions to differently framed health messages,” European Journal of Social Psychology 34 (2004), pp. 103–119; Alexander J. Rothman, Peter Salovery, “Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing,” Psychological Bulletin 121 (1997), pp. 3–19; Alexander J. Rothman, Nobert Schwarz, “Constructing perceptions of vulnerability : Personal relevance and the use of experiential information in health judgment,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 24 (1998), pp. 1053–1064; Michael D. Slater, Donna Rouner, “Value-affirmative and value-protective processing of alcohol education messages that include statistical evidence or anecdotes,” Communication Research 23 (1996), pp. 210–235; Shelley E. Taylor, Suzanne C. Thomson, “Stalking the elusive ‘vividness’ effect,” Psychological Review 89 (1982), pp. 155–181.
20 Much has been written about how drug advertising is designed and its impact on the public; see Steven Woloshin, Lisa M. Schwartz, Jennifer Tremmel, H. Gilbert Welch, “Direct-to-consumer advertisements for prescription drugs: What are Americans being sold?” Lancet 358 (2001), pp. 1141–1146; Dominick L. Frosch et al., “Creating demand for prescription drugs: A content analysis of television direct-to-consumer advertising ,” Annals of Family Medicine 5 (2007), pp. 6–13; Kurt C. Stange, “Doctor-patient and drug company–patient communication,” Annals of Family Medicine 5 (2007), pp. 2–4; Kurt C. Stange, “Intended and unintended consequences of direct-to-consumer drug marketing,” Annals of Family Medicine 5 (2007), pp. 175–178; Kate Pickert, “Do consumers understand drug ads?” Time, May 15, 2008; Ziad F. Gellad, Kenneth W. Lyles, “Direct-to-consumer advertising of pharmaceuticals,” American Journal of Medicine 120 (2007), pp. 475–480; Julie M. Donohue, Marisa Cevasco, Meredith B. Rosenthal, “A decade of direct-to-consumer advertising of prescription drugs,” NEJM 357 (2007), pp. 673–681; Ian D. Spatz, “Better drug ads, fewer side effects,” New York Times, February 20, 2011. The lack of regulation of ads on the Internet is of particular concern: Bryan A. Liang, Timothy Mackey, “Direct-to-consumer advertising with interactive internet media: Global regulation and public health issues,” JAMA 305 (2011), pp. 824–825. In addition, there is intense marketing of drugs to physicians; an excellent summary of its role in influencing how the doctor prescribes: Jeremy A. Greene, “Pharmaceutical marketing research and the prescribing physician,” Ann Intern Med 146 (2007), pp. 742–748. An outstanding book on the pharmaceutical industry is Jerry Avorn, Powerful Medicines: The Benefits, Risks, and Costs of Prescription Drugs (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004).
22 The study